Exploring Minority Stress: Its Impact on Mental Health

Written by: Sabeeha Azmi

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Minority stress addresses the stress experienced by individuals belonging to marginalised groups due to their status as a minority. The concept of minority stress goes beyond the general stress we encounter, as it is rooted in the systemic and unique challenges these groups face. It is particularly relevant for individuals identifying as racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities, or even individuals with disabilities, who often experience prejudice, societal discrimination, and systemic inequities. 

Minority stress is a multifaceted issue that emerges from experiences of direct and indirect discrimination. Stressors that could directly affect minorities include overt acts of violence or prejudice such as discriminatory policies or hate crimes. Some indirect stressors could involve subtle microaggressions, which are discriminatory behaviours or remarks, sometimes unintentional, that might come across as minor but can accumulate to create significant stress over time. In addition, institutional biases and societal norms can contribute to minority stress as well. These include disparities in various fields such as healthcare, employment opportunities, education, etc., all of which can cause an impact on the mental health and well-being of marginalised individuals. The collective effect of these stressors can lead to a feeling of chronic / long-term stress, which can also affect various aspects of an individual’s life. 

A deeper look into the impact of minority stress on mental health reveals a profound and nuanced experience. Individuals experiencing high levels of minority stress are seen to have a higher risk of various mental health conditions including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. The constant struggle to navigate a world and society where one’s identity is marginalised could lead to increased feelings of self-doubt, hopelessness, and insecurity (Hoy-Ellis, 2023). One of the most concerning mental health impacts of minority stress is the increased risk of experiencing depression. When one is exposed to ongoing microaggressions and discrimination, it can lead them to face a sense of inadequacy and low self-worth. This, along with the societal stigma that is associated with mental health conditions, can discourage individuals from reaching out for help, further heightening their struggles (Sattler & Zeyen, 2021). Anxiety is another common experience among individuals from minorities. Individuals might experience increased levels of fear and vigilance about potential discrimination, which can lead to chronic / long-term anxiety. The anticipation of negative experiences is a significant source of stress, impacting individuals’ daily functioning and overall quality of life (Sattler & Zeyen, 2021). 

To address the impact of minority stress on mental health and well-being, both individual and collective strategies are required. On an individual level, it is essential to develop resilience through mindfulness practices, engaging in thoughtful self-care, and building supportive networks, all of which can help mitigate the impact of minority stress (Scandurra et al., 2017). Specific therapies, counselling, and professional help can also be beneficial for individuals to navigate the challenges that arise from being part of a minority group (Pachankis, 2014). On a collective and community level, creating spaces and environments that are safe and supportive is crucial. Advocacy groups and community organisations play an important role in promoting awareness, providing resources, and creating a sense of solidarity among marginalised groups. Peer support networks can also offer individuals a sense of validation, understanding, and belonging (Wong et al., 2014). Policymaking is another area that is important to help mitigate minority stress. Advocacy for systemic changes that address discrimination and inequality is a necessary step to reduce the experiences of minority stress at a systemic level. Policies that promote equity, inclusion, and diversity in all sectors of society can contribute to building a more supportive community and society for individuals. 

Understanding and raising awareness about minority stress is essential for improving mental health and overall well-being among marginalised communities. When we recognise the unique and specific stressors experienced by these individuals, we can support them through personal and systemic interventions, working towards a more supportive and equitable society – a society where all are accepted and respected!

References: 

Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2023). Minority stress and mental health: A review of the literature. Journal of Homosexuality, 70(5), 806-830.

Minority stress. Oak Street Health. (n.d.). https://www.oakstreethealth.com/minority-stress-what-it-is-how-it-impacts-health-and-more-515358 

Pachankis, J. E. (2014). Uncovering clinical principles and techniques to address minority stress, mental health, and related health risks among gay and bisexual men. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 21(4), 313.

Sattler, F. A., & Zeyen, J. (2021). Intersecting identities, minority stress, and mental health problems in different sexual and ethnic groups. Stigma and Health, 6(4), 457.

Scandurra, C., Amodeo, A. L., Valerio, P., Bochicchio, V., & Frost, D. M. (2017). Minority stress, resilience, and mental health: A study of Italian transgender people. Journal of Social Issues, 73(3), 563-585.
Wong, C. F., Schrager, S. M., Holloway, I. W., Meyer, I. H., & Kipke, M. D. (2014). Minority stress experiences and psychological well-being: The impact of support from and connection to social networks within the Los Angeles House and Ball communities. Prevention Science, 15, 44-55.